The random fluctuations of an oscillator limit the precision of time and frequency measurements on which scientific and technological endeavours rely. The noise and long-term stability of the system ...

First developed in the 1970s, the Rubik’s Cube is one of the most popular mind puzzles worldwide. But, for most people, attempting to solve it can be very intimidating. However, using some basic ...

Abstract: 5G is the latest global wireless standard, known as the fifth generation of cellular mobile communication technology. Compared to 4G LTE, 5G increases peak data rates and connection ...

The lock-in amplifier allows tiny signals from sensors to be captured with precision despite unavoidable noise limitations and other signal-chain test and measurement challenges. There are some basic ...

When my monitor began refusing to wake up from sleep mode, I started researching the issue and quickly discovered that I’m not alone in my troubles. In fact, by my completely unscientific estimates, ...

Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have gained much attention and widespread application in the end market. This document outlines the requirements for FPGA power supply and related issues. It ...

Abstract: Carrier synchronization is a fundamental stage in the receiver side of any communication or positioning system. Traditional carrier phase tracking techniques are based on well-known ...

Clock jitter is a parameter which affects system performance and can degrade otherwise superior component specifications. This article is a basic explanation of clock jitter and some of its effects, ...

The PLL transmitter exciter has the functions of providing a stable, low noise, frequency-selectable RF signal and amplify it to a controllable output power sufficient to drive the power amplifier. It ...