Net community production (NCP) is defined as the difference between gross primary production (GPP) and total community respiration (R). NCP indicates the balance between the production and consumption ...

The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and ocean is an important process in global budgets of many gases with significant implications in climate, biogeochemical cycles, oceanic ecosystems, and ...

Atmospheric carbon was sequestered in the ocean during glacial periods, but the processes responsible are not understood. Southern Ocean (SO) sea ice has been proposed as a link between several ...

Debate lingers over what caused the last mass extinction 66 million years ago, with intense volcanism and extraterrestrial impact the most widely supported hypotheses. However, without empirical ...