Abstract: Replacement of the subsea control module (SCM) and halting production caused by the failure of the SCM are costly, and the electrical control system plays a large role in the failure modes ...

How Do Subsea Trees Work? A subsea Christmas tree is the pressure-containing valve assembly mounted on a subsea wellhead that controls, monitors, and safeguards flow from (or injection into) a subsea ...

Subsea engineering in deepwater integrates wells, seabed production systems, flowlines/risers, and control/power/chemical distribution to safely deliver hydrocarbons from reservoirs in 1,000–3,000 m ...

Observation of the climate and ecosystem of ice covered polar seas is a timely task for the scientific community. The goal is to assess the drastic and imminent changes of the polar sea ice cover ...